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1 emotional impact
1) Общая лексика: эмоциональное влияние2) Реклама: эмоциональное воздействие -
2 emotional impact
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3 emotional
adjective1) (of emotions) emotional; Gefühls[ausdruck, -leben, -erlebnis, -reaktion]; Gemüts[zustand, -störung]; gefühlsgeladen [Worte, Musik, Geschichte, Film]; gefühlvoll [Stimme, Ton]2) (liable to excessive emotion) leicht erregbar [Person]* * *1) (of the emotions: Emotional problems are affecting her work.) gefühlsbedingt3) ((negative unemotional) (of a person) easily affected by joy, anger, grief etc: She is a very emotional person; She is very emotional.) emotional* * *emo·tion·al[ɪˈməʊʃənəl, AM -ˈmoʊ-]1. (involving emotion) emotional, emotionell; decision gefühlsmäßig; speech gefühlsbetont; voice gefühlvollhe doesn't want \emotional involvement with anyone er will sich auf niemanden gefühlsmäßig einlassen\emotional charge emotionale Angespanntheit\emotional experience erregende Erfahrungto have an \emotional impact on sb jdn emotional berühren\emotional reception herzlicher Empfangto make an \emotional appeal to sb an jds Gefühle appellierento suffer an \emotional collapse einen Nervenzusammenbruch erleiden\emotional blackmail psychologische Erpressungto use \emotional blackmail against sb jdn psychisch unter Druck setzen\emotional character [or disposition] leichte Erregbarkeit\emotional person leicht erregbare Person* * *[ɪ'məʊʃənl]adj1) (= related to emotions, psychological) needs, security, involvement, detachment, reaction, energy emotional; problem, stress, trauma, abuse seelisch; support, development psychologischto go through emotional turmoil/an emotional upheaval — einen Aufruhr der Gefühle erleben
to be on an emotional high — in Hochstimmung sein
2) (= emotive) issue, impact, experience, situation emotional3) (= influenced by feelings) person, behaviour (characteristically) emotional, gefühlsbetont; (in particular situation) emotional, gefühlvoll; decision gefühlsmäßig; scene, response, reaction emotional; farewell, welcome gefühlvoll; appeal, speech emotional, gefühlsbetonthe made an emotional appeal to his wife —
the emotional appeal of a product — die gefühlsmäßige Anziehungskraft einer Ware
to be emotional about sth — sich über etw (acc) erregen or aufregen
* * *1. emotional, emotionell:a) gefühlsmäßig, -bedingtb) gefühlsbetontc) leicht erregbar, empfindsam:get emotional about sich aufregen über (akk)d) Gemüts…, Gefühls…, seelisch:emotional balance inneres oder seelisches Gleichgewicht;emotional blackmail psychologische Erpressung;emotional development seelische Entwicklung;emotional life Gefühlsleben n;2. gefühlvoll, rührselig* * *adjective1) (of emotions) emotional; Gefühls[ausdruck, -leben, -erlebnis, -reaktion]; Gemüts[zustand, -störung]; gefühlsgeladen [Worte, Musik, Geschichte, Film]; gefühlvoll [Stimme, Ton]2) (liable to excessive emotion) leicht erregbar [Person]* * *adj.emotional adj.gefühlsmäßig adj.seelisch bedingt adj. n.seelisch adj. -
4 emotional
1) ( involving emotion) emotional, emotionell; decision gefühlsmäßig; speech gefühlsbetont; voice gefühlvoll;he doesn't want \emotional involvement with anyone er will sich auf niemanden gefühlsmäßig einlassen;\emotional charge emotionale Angespanntheit;\emotional experience erregende Erfahrung;to have an \emotional impact on sb jdn emotional berühren;\emotional reception herzlicher Empfang;to make an \emotional appeal to sb an jds Gefühle appellieren;to suffer an \emotional collapse einen Nervenzusammenbruch erleiden\emotional blackmail psychologische Erpressung;to use \emotional blackmail against sb jdn psychisch unter Druck setzen;\emotional person leicht erregbare Person -
5 impact
1. ['ɪmpækt] сущ.1)а) удар, толчок; сотрясение; импульс- impact strengthThe bullet explodes on impact. — Пуля разрывается при ударе.
Syn:б) столкновение, коллизияSyn:2) сильное воздействие; влияниеconsiderable / strong / dramatic impact — сильное влияние
to have an impact (up)on smb. / smth. — иметь влияние на кого-л. / что-л.
Syn:2. [ɪm'pækt] гл.1) плотно сжимать, прижимать2)а) ударять; толкатьб) ударяться; сталкиватьсяSyn:Falling export rates have impacted on the countries economy. — Падение экспортных тарифов сильно ударило по экономике страны.
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6 impact
1) ударное ускорение; импульс; столкновение2) воздействие3) уплотнять•- emotional impact
- environmental impact
- psychological impact -
7 emotional
emotional adj [development, impact, need, problem] émotif/-ive ; [distress, charge, content, power, reaction, state] émotionnel/-elle ; [tie, response] affectif/-ive ; [film] émouvant ; [campaign, speech] passionné ; [atmosphere, farewell, occasion, scene] chargé d'émotion ; to feel emotional se sentir ému (about par) ; she's rather emotional elle est facilement émue ; he gets rather emotional ( cries easily) il a la larme facile ; ( gets irrational) il a tendance à s'énerver ; emotional health santé f mentale ; emotional abuse Psych sévices mpl psychologiques. -
8 pathetic
•• pathos, pathetic
•• Pathos quality in speech, writing, etc., which arouses a feeling of pity, sympathy or tenderness.
•• Pathetic able to be considered sad, pitiful, or contemptible (A.S. Hornby).
•• Эти слова и их отличия от русских пафос, патетический хорошо описаны в Словаре «ложных друзей переводчика» под редакцией В.В.Акуленко. Но, поскольку этот словарь малодоступен, а ошибки в переводе этих слов (с английского и с русского) очень часты, приведу несколько примеров оттуда, точно характеризующих эти отличия:
•• 1. To a higher being, if there is such, our little faces one and all appear, no doubt, pathetic. – Высшему существу, если оно есть, все наши лица представляются, несомненно, жалкими;
•• 2. A lady sang a sentimental ballad in Spanish, and it made one or two of us weep – it was so pathetic (Jerome K. Jerome). – Одна дама спела по-испански чувствительную балладу, и некоторые из нас даже заплакали – это было так трогательно.
•• Общий компонент в разных оттенках значения слова pathetic – способность вызывать жалость. Иногда – до смешного (жалкая личность), причем в разговорном употреблении «жалость» переходит в презрение: You’re pathetic. – Ты (просто) ничтожество. Гораздо реже – трогательно, меланхолично. Например, her pathetic beautiful eyes (W.S. Maugham) – ее красивые, печальные глаза; her pathetic look (W.S. Maugham) – ее скорбный взгляд и т.д. В значении проникнутый сильными чувствами, исполненный пафоса, близком к русскому патетический, это слово встречается неизмеримо реже. Слово pathos в английских текстах встречается редко и означает способность вызывать жалость. Русское пафос передается или словом spirit (revolutionary spirit) или словами idea, message, etc. Пафос шекспировской драмы «Ромео и Джульетта» составляет идея любви (В.Белинский). – It is the idea of love that gives Shakespeare’s “Romeo and Juliette” its emotional impact. Русское патетический – passionate, emotional.
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9 pathos
•• pathos, pathetic
•• Pathos quality in speech, writing, etc., which arouses a feeling of pity, sympathy or tenderness.
•• Pathetic able to be considered sad, pitiful, or contemptible (A.S. Hornby).
•• Эти слова и их отличия от русских пафос, патетический хорошо описаны в Словаре «ложных друзей переводчика» под редакцией В.В.Акуленко. Но, поскольку этот словарь малодоступен, а ошибки в переводе этих слов (с английского и с русского) очень часты, приведу несколько примеров оттуда, точно характеризующих эти отличия:
•• 1. To a higher being, if there is such, our little faces one and all appear, no doubt, pathetic. – Высшему существу, если оно есть, все наши лица представляются, несомненно, жалкими;
•• 2. A lady sang a sentimental ballad in Spanish, and it made one or two of us weep – it was so pathetic (Jerome K. Jerome). – Одна дама спела по-испански чувствительную балладу, и некоторые из нас даже заплакали – это было так трогательно.
•• Общий компонент в разных оттенках значения слова pathetic – способность вызывать жалость. Иногда – до смешного (жалкая личность), причем в разговорном употреблении «жалость» переходит в презрение: You’re pathetic. – Ты (просто) ничтожество. Гораздо реже – трогательно, меланхолично. Например, her pathetic beautiful eyes (W.S. Maugham) – ее красивые, печальные глаза; her pathetic look (W.S. Maugham) – ее скорбный взгляд и т.д. В значении проникнутый сильными чувствами, исполненный пафоса, близком к русскому патетический, это слово встречается неизмеримо реже. Слово pathos в английских текстах встречается редко и означает способность вызывать жалость. Русское пафос передается или словом spirit (revolutionary spirit) или словами idea, message, etc. Пафос шекспировской драмы «Ромео и Джульетта» составляет идея любви (В.Белинский). – It is the idea of love that gives Shakespeare’s “Romeo and Juliette” its emotional impact. Русское патетический – passionate, emotional.
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10 shock
1. noun1) Schock, derI got the shock of my life — ich erschrak zu Tode
he's in for a [nasty] shock! — er wird eine böse Überraschung erleben!
3) (Electr.) Schlag, der4) (Med.) Schock, derbe in [a state of] shock — unter Schock[wirkung] stehen
2. transitive verb[electric] shock — Elektroschock, der
1)shock somebody [deeply] — ein [schwerer] Schock für jemanden sein
2) (scandalize) schockierenI'm not easily shocked — mich schockiert so leicht nichts
be shocked by something — über etwas (Akk.) schockiert sein
* * *I 1. [ʃok] noun1) (a severe emotional disturbance: The news gave us all a shock.) der Schock2) ((often electric shock) the effect on the body of an electric current: He got a slight shock when he touched the live wire.) der Schlag3) (a sudden blow coming with great force: the shock of an earthquake.) der Stoß4) (a medical condition caused by a severe mental or physical shock: He was suffering from shock after the crash.) der Schock2. verb(to give a shock to; to upset or horrify: Everyone was shocked by his death; The amount of violence shown on television shocks me.) schockieren- academic.ru/66739/shocker">shocker- shocking
- shockingly
- shock-absorber II [ʃok] noun* * *shock1[ʃɒk, AM ʃɑ:k]I. nbe prepared for a \shock mach dich auf etwas Schlimmes gefasstshe slowly recovered from the \shock of losing her husband sie erholte sich nur langsam von dem Schock, den der Verlust ihres Mannes für sie bedeuteteit was a \shock to see her look so ill es war erschreckend, sie so krank zu sehenthis gave me a \shock das hat mir einen Schock versetztthe \shock of one's life der Schock seines Lebensto give sb the \shock of their life jdn zu Tode erschreckenlook of \shock entsetzter Blicka \shock to the system eine schwierige Umstellungto come as a \shock ein Schock [o schwerer Schlag] seinto get a \shock einen Schock bekommenthe survivors were taken to hospital suffering from \shock die Überlebenden wurden mit einem Schock ins Krankenhaus eingeliefertin [a state of] \shock in einem Schockzustandto be in [a state of] \shock unter Schock stehen6.II. vt▪ to \shock sb jdn schockierenit \shocks him to hear women talking about sex es schockiert ihn, Frauen über Sex reden zu hörento \shock sb deeply [or profoundly] jdn zutiefst erschütternthe play is intended to \shock das Stück soll schockieren [o provozieren\shock defeat völlig unerwartete Niederlage; (frightening) erschreckendanother \shock fall in the value of the euro wieder ein erschreckender Kursverlust des Euroshock2[ʃɒk, AM ʃɑ:k]n\shock of hair [Haar]schopf m* * *I [ʃɒk]1. nthe shock killed him —
rabbits can die of shock — für ein or bei einem Kaninchen kann ein Schock tödlich sein
a feeling of shock spread through the town — Entsetzen nt verbreitete sich in der Stadt
it comes as a shock to hear that... — mit Bestürzung höre ich/hören wir, dass...
it gave me a nasty shock — es hat mir einen bösen Schreck( en) eingejagt
to get the shock of one's life — den Schock seines Lebens kriegen
I got the shock of my life when I heard... — ich dachte, mich trifft der Schlag, als ich hörte... (inf)
2. vt(= affect emotionally) erschüttern, bestürzen; (= make indignant) schockieren, schocken (inf)to be shocked by sth — über etw (acc) erschüttert or bestürzt sein; (morally) über etw (acc) schockiert or geschockt (inf) sein
he was shocked when they took his passport away — es hat ihn geschockt, dass man ihm den Pass abgenommen hat (inf)
to shock sb into doing sth — jdm eine solche Angst einjagen, dass er etw tut
to shock sb into action/out of his/her etc complacency — jdn zum Handeln/aus seiner Selbstzufriedenheit aufrütteln
3. vi(film, writer etc) schockieren, schocken (inf) IIn (AGR)Garbenbündel nt, Hocke f IIIn(Haar)schopf m* * *shock1 [ʃɒk; US ʃɑk]A s1. (heftiger) Stoß, Erschütterung f (auch fig des Vertrauens etc)the shock of the waves der Anprall der Wellenget the shock of one’s lifea) zu Tode erschrecken,b) sein blaues Wunder erleben umg;with a shock mit Schrecken;she is in (a state of) shock sie hat einen Schock;the news came as a (great) shock to him die Nachricht war ein (großer) Schock für ihn oder traf ihn (sehr) schwerto für)6. MEDc) plötzliche Lähmungd) umg Schlag(anfall) m7. PSYCH Schockreaktion fB v/t1. erschüttern, erbeben lassen2. fig schockieren, schocken:at, by über akk)shocked schockiert, entgeistert;I was shocked to hear zu meinem Entsetzen hörte ich4. jemandem einen Nervenschock versetzen5. jemandem einen (elektrischen) Schlag versetzen6. MED schocken, einer Schockbehandlung unterziehenC v/i MIL zusammenstoßen, -prallenshock2 [ʃɒk; US ʃɑk] AGRA s Mandel f, Hocke f, (aufgeschichteter) GarbenhaufenB v/t in Mandeln aufstellenshock3 [ʃɒk; US ʃɑk]B adj zottig:shock head Strubbelkopf m umg* * *1. noun1) Schock, derhe's in for a [nasty] shock! — er wird eine böse Überraschung erleben!
2) (violent impact) Erschütterung, die (of durch)3) (Electr.) Schlag, der4) (Med.) Schock, derbe in [a state of] shock — unter Schock[wirkung] stehen
2. transitive verb[electric] shock — Elektroschock, der
1)shock somebody [deeply] — ein [schwerer] Schock für jemanden sein
2) (scandalize) schockierenbe shocked by something — über etwas (Akk.) schockiert sein
* * *n.Betroffenheit f.Erschütterung f.Schlag -¨e m.Schock -s m.Stoß ¨-e m. v.erschüttern v. -
11 shock
I
1. ʃok noun1) (a severe emotional disturbance: The news gave us all a shock.) conmoción, golpe2) ((often electric shock) the effect on the body of an electric current: He got a slight shock when he touched the live wire.) descarga3) (a sudden blow coming with great force: the shock of an earthquake.) choque, impacto, golpe4) (a medical condition caused by a severe mental or physical shock: He was suffering from shock after the crash.) shock, choque
2. verb(to give a shock to; to upset or horrify: Everyone was shocked by his death; The amount of violence shown on television shocks me.) conmocionar, conmover, afectar- shocker- shocking
- shockingly
- shock-absorber
II ʃok noun(a bushy mass (of hair) on a person's head.) matashock1 n1. golpe2. susto3. descarga eléctrica / calambredon't touch that wire, you'll get a shock no toques ese cable, te dará un calambreshock2 vb1. afectar / conmover / trastornar2. escandalizar
shock /ʃok/ sustantivo masculinoa) (Med) shock;
shock m (choque, impresión) shock ' shock' also found in these entries: Spanish: amortiguador - batatazo - calambre - choque - conmoción - electrochoque - electroshock - escandalizar - escopetazo - espanto - impactar - impresión - impresionar - rebotar - rehacerse - sacudir - sacudida - turbar - balde - chingar - chocar - corriente - descarga - onda - patada - toque English: culture shock - electric shock - fall back - rude - set out - shock - shock absorber - shock tactics - shock therapy - shock treatment - shock wave - suffer - a - absorb - bloody - culture - devastating - electric - fright - get - give - scare - shake - shell - stuntr[ʃɒk]1 (jolt, blow) choque nombre masculino, impacto, golpe nombre masculino; (of explosion etc) sacudida; (electric) descarga1 (upset) conmocionar, conmover, afectar, sacudir2 (startle) asustar, sorprender, sobresaltar; (scandalize) escandalizar, horrorizar1 impresionar, impactar\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLshock absorber amortiguador nombre masculinoshock therapy / shock treatment electrochoque nombre masculinoshock wave onda expansiva————————tr[ʃɒk]1 (of corn) fajina————————tr[ʃɒk]1 (of hair) matashock ['ʃɑk] vt1) upset: conmover, conmocionar2) startle: asustar, sobresaltar3) scandalize: escandalizar4) : darle una descarga eléctrica ashock n1) collision, jolt: choque m, sacudida f2) upset: conmoción f, golpe m emocional3) : shock m (en medicina)5) sheaves: gavillas fpl6)shock of hair : mata f de pelon.• choque s.m.• conmoción s.f.• conmoción desagradable s.f.• golpe s.m.• greña s.f.• hacina s.f.• impacto (Física) s.m.• sacudida s.f.• shock s.m.• sobresalto s.m.• susto s.m.v.• chocar v.• conmover v.• sobresaltar v.ʃɑːk, ʃɒk
I
1) ca) ( of impact) choque m, impacto m; (of earthquake, explosion) sacudida fb) ( electric shock) descarga f (eléctrica), golpe m de corrienteI got a shock — me dio una descarga or un golpe de corriente, me dio corriente
2)a) u ( Med) shock mto be in (a state of) shock — estar* en estado de shock
b) u c (distress, surprise) shock m, impresión fto get a shock — llevarse un shock or una impresión
I nearly died of shock — por poco me muero del shock or de la impresión
he's in for a shock when he finds out — se va a llevar un shock cuando se entere; (before n) (journ)
a shock announcement — un anuncio sorprendente, un bombazo (fam)
c) ( scare) susto mwhat a shock you gave me! — qué susto me diste or me pegaste!
3) c ( bushy mass)
II
1.
transitive verb (stun, appal) horrorizar*; ( scandalize) escandalizar*, horrorizar*; ( scare) asustarmy mother is easily shocked — mi madre se escandaliza or se horroriza por cualquier cosa
2.
vi impactar, impresionar
I [ʃɒk]1. Nto come as a shock — resultar sorprendente or asombroso, causar estupefacción
it comes as a shock to hear that... — resulta sorprendente or asombroso saber que..., causa estupefacción saber que...
frankly, this has all come as a bit of a shock — con toda franqueza, para mí esto ha sido un duro golpe
to get a shock — llevarse or pegarse un susto
what a shock you gave me! — ¡qué susto me diste!, ¡me has asustado!
2) (lit) (=impact) sacudida f ; (fig) (=shakeup) choque m, sacudida fthe shock of the explosion was felt five miles away — la sacudida de la explosión se sintió a una distancia de cinco millas
it was a shock to the establishment — sacudió el sistema, fue un serio golpe para el sistema
3) (Elec) descarga fshe got a shock from the refrigerator — la nevera le dio una descarga or un calambre
4) (Med) shock m, postración f nerviosa•
to be suffering from shock, be in (a state of) shock — estar en estado de shock, padecer una postración nerviosa2. VT1) (=startle) sobresaltar, asustar2) (=affect emotionally) (=upset) conmover, chocar; (=offend) escandalizar3.VI causar escándalo, chocar4.CPDshock absorber N — (Aut) amortiguador m
shock jock * N — (esp US) presentador(a) polémico/a de coloquios radiofónicos abiertos al público
shock tactics NPL — (lit) (Mil) táctica fsing de choque; (fig) provocación f
to use shock tactics — (fig) recurrir a la provocación, provocar
shock therapy, shock treatment N — (Med) (also: electric shock treatment) tratamiento m por electrochoque
shock troops NPL — guardias mpl de asalto
shock wave N — onda f de choque
II
[ʃɒk]N (also: shock of hair) mata f de pelo
III [ʃɒk] (Agr)1.N tresnal m, garbera f2.* * *[ʃɑːk, ʃɒk]
I
1) ca) ( of impact) choque m, impacto m; (of earthquake, explosion) sacudida fb) ( electric shock) descarga f (eléctrica), golpe m de corrienteI got a shock — me dio una descarga or un golpe de corriente, me dio corriente
2)a) u ( Med) shock mto be in (a state of) shock — estar* en estado de shock
b) u c (distress, surprise) shock m, impresión fto get a shock — llevarse un shock or una impresión
I nearly died of shock — por poco me muero del shock or de la impresión
he's in for a shock when he finds out — se va a llevar un shock cuando se entere; (before n) (journ)
a shock announcement — un anuncio sorprendente, un bombazo (fam)
c) ( scare) susto mwhat a shock you gave me! — qué susto me diste or me pegaste!
3) c ( bushy mass)
II
1.
transitive verb (stun, appal) horrorizar*; ( scandalize) escandalizar*, horrorizar*; ( scare) asustarmy mother is easily shocked — mi madre se escandaliza or se horroriza por cualquier cosa
2.
vi impactar, impresionar -
12 speech
nречь; выступлениеto carry smb's speech live on nationwide radio and television — вести прямую передачу чьей-л. речи по центральному радио и телевидению
to give a speech — выступать с речью; произносить речь
to hear an emotional speech by smb — выслушивать чью-л. эмоциональную речь
to interrupt smb's speech — прерывать чью-л. речь
to lessen the impact of a speech — уменьшать воздействие чьей-л. речи
to pick a theme for one's speech — выбирать тему для своей речи
to rehearse one's speech — репетировать свою речь
to respond negatively to a speech — отрицательно реагировать на какую-л. речь
- accusatory speechto unite in praise of smb's speech — совместно хвалить чье-л. выступление
- arresting speech
- austerity speech
- bitter speech
- blunt speech
- brilliant speech
- campaign speech
- capital speech
- cautiously worded speech
- closing speech
- concession speech
- conciliatory speech
- concluding speech
- curtailment of free speech
- delivery of a speech
- disappointing speech
- emotional speech
- epoch-making speech
- faculty of speech
- fiery speech
- fighting speech
- flaming speech
- foreign policy speech
- free speech - hard-hitting speech
- hard-line speech
- historic speech
- hot speech
- in connection with the previous speech
- inaugural speech
- inauguration speech
- inflammatory speech
- introductory speech
- keynote speech
- lack-luster speech - maiden speech
- major policy speech
- much quoted speech
- one minute speech
- opening speech
- peaceful speech
- policy-making speech
- ponderous speech
- powerful speech
- rebellious speeches
- repression of free speech
- resignation speech
- sapid speech
- seditious speech
- self-critical speech
- speech couched in general terms
- speech for the defense
- speech from the throne
- speech in reply
- speech of welcome
- speech on European matters
- speech received a mixed reception
- speech was well received
- state-of-the-nation speech
- stirring speech
- substantial speech
- televised speech
- tenor of smb's speech
- tough speech
- UN speech
- uncompromising speech
- unscheduled speech
- valedictory speech
- victory speech
- violent speech
- welcoming speech
- whistle stop speech
- wide-ranging speech -
13 shock
I 1. [ʃɒk]1) (psychological) shock m.to get o have a shock avere uno shock; to give sb. a shock provocare uno shock a o scioccare qcn.; her death came as a shock to us la sua morte ci ha scioccato; to recover from o get over the shock riprendersi da o superare uno shock; he's in for a nasty shock colloq. gli prenderà un colpo; to express one's shock (indignation) esprimere la propria indignazione; (amazement) esprimere il proprio stupore; shock! horror! — giorn. scherz. scandalo! orrore!
2) med. shock m.in (a state of) shock — in stato di o sotto shock
3) el. scossa f.to give sb. a shock — dare la scossa a qcn
4) (impact) (of collision) colpo m.; (of earthquake) scossa f.; (of explosion) urto m.6) colloq. shock absorber2.modificatore colloq. [ effect] shock; [decision, result] scioccanteII [ʃɒk]* * *I 1. [ʃok] noun1) (a severe emotional disturbance: The news gave us all a shock.)2) ((often electric shock) the effect on the body of an electric current: He got a slight shock when he touched the live wire.)3) (a sudden blow coming with great force: the shock of an earthquake.)4) (a medical condition caused by a severe mental or physical shock: He was suffering from shock after the crash.)2. verb(to give a shock to; to upset or horrify: Everyone was shocked by his death; The amount of violence shown on television shocks me.)- shocker- shocking
- shockingly
- shock-absorber II [ʃok] noun(a bushy mass (of hair) on a person's head.)* * *I 1. [ʃɒk]1) (psychological) shock m.to get o have a shock avere uno shock; to give sb. a shock provocare uno shock a o scioccare qcn.; her death came as a shock to us la sua morte ci ha scioccato; to recover from o get over the shock riprendersi da o superare uno shock; he's in for a nasty shock colloq. gli prenderà un colpo; to express one's shock (indignation) esprimere la propria indignazione; (amazement) esprimere il proprio stupore; shock! horror! — giorn. scherz. scandalo! orrore!
2) med. shock m.in (a state of) shock — in stato di o sotto shock
3) el. scossa f.to give sb. a shock — dare la scossa a qcn
4) (impact) (of collision) colpo m.; (of earthquake) scossa f.; (of explosion) urto m.6) colloq. shock absorber2.modificatore colloq. [ effect] shock; [decision, result] scioccanteII [ʃɒk] -
14 shock
̈ɪʃɔk I
1. сущ.
1) удар, толчок;
сотрясение to absorb, cushion a shock ≈ смягчить удар Syn: concussion, shaking
2) перен. потрясение, удар;
шок (at) to feel a shock ≈ испытывать потрясение to get, have a shock ≈ получить потрясение to give smb. a shock ≈ потрясти кого-л. His arrest was a shock to everybody. ≈ Его арест был ударом для всех. It was a shock to learn of his death./It was a shock learning of his death. ≈ Известие о его смерти было потрясением. Everyone expressed shock at the hijacking. ≈ Все были потрясены угоном самолета. culture shock ≈ "культурное" потрясение, шок;
потрясение, шок от встречи с чужой культурой emotional shock ≈ эмоциональное потрясение nervous shock ≈ нервное потрясение profound shock, severe shock ≈ глубокое, ужасное потрясение, глубокий шок rude shock ≈ внезапный удар shell shock ≈ военный невроз;
психическая травма, полученная во время боя Syn: shake, upheaval
3) мед. шок to administer shock ≈ применять шокотерапию to get, receive shock ≈ получать шокотерапию shock treatment ≈ шокотерапия electric shock ≈ электрошок insulin shock ≈ инсулиновый шок
4) физ. ударная волна
5) амер. амортизатор Syn: shock absorber
2. гл.
1) а) производить сильное впечатление, поражать, потрясать б) возмущать, шокировать
2) спец. а) сотрясать, ударять;
сотрясаться, ударяться б) вызывать шок
3) поэт. приходить в столкновение, быть в коллизии Syn: impact ∙ shock into
3. прил.
1) ударный shock wave ≈ ударная волна shock resistant ≈ ударостойкий
2) шоковый shock therapy ≈ шоковая терапия II
1. сущ.
1) копна, скирда( из снопов)
2) перен. масса, куча;
множество
2. гл. укладывать в копны, скирды III
1. сущ.
1) копна волос
2) мохнатая собака (тж. shock dog)
2. прил. мохнатый, лохматый I reached through the water to his shock pate and drew him up. ≈ Я дотянулся в воде до его лохматой головы и вытянул его на поверхность. удар;
толчок - terrific * ужасный удар - to absorb a * смягчить удар толчок, удар (при землетрясении) - the cars collided with a great * удар при столкновении машин был большой силы электрический удар (тж. electric *) (военное) отдача (тж. * of discharge) потрясение, удар - * of laughter приступ смеха - mental * психологическое потрясение - his death was a * to me меня потрясла его смерть - his departure was a sad * to his mother его отъезд был боьшим ударом для его матери - the news came to me with a rude * эта новость совершенно ошеломила меня (медицина) шок - he's suffering from * он (находится) в шоке (разговорное) (апоплексический) удар - he died of * он умер от удара (физическое) ударная волна (американизм) (техническое) амортизатор поражать, потрясать - to * profoungly глубоко потрясти - to be *ed at the news быть потрясенным новостью возмущать, шокировать - to * the ear резать слух - to be *ed to hear smth. с возмущением услышать о чем-либо - I am *ed at his conduct я нахожу его поведение возмутительным - I'm not easily *ed, but... меня трудно шокировать, но... (специальное) ударять (специальное) вызывать шок сталкиваться, приходить в столкновение( сельскохозяйственное) копна;
бабка (хлеба, льна) ;
скирда толпа масса, уйма копна волос косматый, лохматый to collide (или to clash) with a tremendous ~ столкнуться со страшной силой inflationary ~ инфляционный импульс ~ потрясение;
the news came upon him with a shock новость потрясла его shock возмущать, шокировать ~ копна, скирда (из снопов) ~ копна волос ~ мохнатая собака (тж. shock dog) ~ потрясать, поражать ~ потрясение;
the news came upon him with a shock новость потрясла его ~ ставить в копны, скирды ~ поэт. сталкиваться ~ столкновение ~ удар, толчок;
сотрясение;
shocks of earthquake подземные толчки( при землетрясении) ~ удар ~ мед. шок ~ attr. ударный;
сокрушительный;
shock wave физ. ударная взрывная волна;
shock adsorber амортизатор ~ attr. ударный;
сокрушительный;
shock wave физ. ударная взрывная волна;
shock adsorber амортизатор ~ attr. мед. шоковый;
shock treatment шокотерапия ~ tactics воен. тактика сокрушительных ударов;
shock troops воен. ударные войска ~ attr. мед. шоковый;
shock treatment шокотерапия ~ tactics воен. тактика сокрушительных ударов;
shock troops воен. ударные войска ~ attr. ударный;
сокрушительный;
shock wave физ. ударная взрывная волна;
shock adsorber амортизатор ~ удар, толчок;
сотрясение;
shocks of earthquake подземные толчки (при землетрясении) -
15 ♦ stress
♦ stress /strɛs/n. [cu]1 ( anche mecc., scienza costr.) sollecitazione; sforzo; tensione; carico; spinta: to exert stress, esercitare una spinta; to be subject to constant stress, essere costantemente sotto sforzo (o sotto tensione); to apply stress to, sottoporre a tensione; compressive stress, sollecitazione di compressione; impact stress, sollecitazione d'urto; maximum stress, carico di rottura; (fis.) stress analysis, analisi delle sollecitazioni; (metall.) stress corrosion, tensiocorrosione3 ( anche psic., med.) tensione; stress; logoramento; logorio: continued stress, tensione prolungata; stress prolungato; emotional stress, stress emotivo; stress on the nerves, lo stress (nervoso); il logorio dei nervi; We were constantly under stress, eravamo costantemente sotto pressione; to be under financial stress, avere difficoltà finanziarie; to take the stress, resistere alla pressione ( di un'attività); to relieve stress, calmare lo stress4 (med., comput.) stress; sforzo: stress incontinence, incontinenza urinaria da stress; stress fracture, frattura da stress; stress test, test sotto sforzo; (comput.) test di stress5 (fon.) accento (tonico): The stress is on the first syllable, l'accento cade sulla prima sillaba; main stress, accento principale; primary stress, accento primario; secondary stress, accento secondario; stress mark, segno grafico dell'accento; accento (grafico)6 (fig.) accento; enfasi; rilievo; risalto: to lay (o to put) particular stress on st., porre l'accento su qc.; mettere in risalto qc.; sottolineare qc.; a course in computing, with particular stress on the use of the Internet, un corso di informatica, con particolare attenzione all'uso di Internet7 (mus.) accento● (naut.) stress of weather, violenza del tempo; fortunale □ (metall.) stress raiser, intaglio □ (fin.) stress test, stress test ( valutazione della capacità di resistenza del patrimonio di una banca).(to) stress /strɛs/A v. t.2 mettere l'accento su; accentuare; sottolineare; mettere in rilievo; evidenziare: He stressed the importance of the changes, ha sottolineato l'importanza dei cambiamenti4 (comput.) stressare; sollecitare; sottoporre test di stressB v. i.(fam. USA) stressarsi; agitarsi. -
16 shock
[ʃɔk] I 1. сущ.1) удар, толчок; сотрясениеto absorb / cushion a shock — смягчить удар
Syn:2) потрясение, удар; шокprofound / severe shock — глубокое, ужасное потрясение; сильный шок
to get / have a shock — получить потрясение
to give smb. a shock — потрясти кого-л., вызвать у кого-л. потрясение
His arrest was a shock to everybody. — Его арест был ударом для всех.
It was a shock to learn of his death. / It was a shock learning of his death. — Известие о его смерти стало потрясением.
- emotional shockEveryone expressed shock at the hijacking. — Все были потрясены угоном самолёта.
- nervous shockSyn:3) мед. шок4) физ. ударная волна5) амер.; = shock absorber2. гл.1)а) производить сильное впечатление, поражать, потрясатьб) возмущать, шокироватьJane's last school report shocked her parents into action. — Последняя школьная ведомость Джейн заставила её родителей действовать.
2)а) сотрясать, ударятьб) сотрясаться, ударятьсяв) вызывать шок3) уст. приходить в столкновение, быть в коллизииSyn:impact 2.II 1. сущ.1) копна, скирда2) масса, куча; множество2. гл.укладывать в копны, скирды -
17 clout
A n1 ( blow) claque f, coup m ; to give sth a clout frapper qch ; to give sb a clout donner un coup or une claque à qn ;2 fig ( weight) influence f (with auprès de, sur) ; to have ou carry a great deal of clout avoir beaucoup d'influence, avoir du poids ; to have emotional clout [play, film] avoir un impact emotionnel ;ne'er cast a clout till May be out Prov ≈ en avril ne te découvre pas d'un fil, en mai fais ce qu'il te plaît. -
18 Artificial Intelligence
In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, EventuallyJust as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)5) Problems in Machine Intelligence Arise Because Things Obvious to Any Person Are Not Represented in the ProgramMany problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)[AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract FormThe basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory FormationIt is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular ContextsEven if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial IntelligenceThe primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary PropositionsIn artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence
См. также в других словарях:
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Emotional capital — from a marketing perspective =First coined by Coca Cola president Steven J. Heyer to refer to the ways that consumers emotional investment in media content and brands increases the brand s worth (1), other definitions have now branched off. In… … Wikipedia
impact — n Impact, impingement, collision, clash, shock, concussion, percussion, jar, jolt mean a forcible or enforced contact between two or more things, especially a contact so violent as to affect seriously one or the other or all of the persons or… … New Dictionary of Synonyms
impact rule — n. The rule that a plaintiff cannot claim damages for negligent infliction of emotional distress unless there has been some physical impact, such as an assault. Example: a parent of a child injured in an auto accident cannot recover for his/her… … Law dictionary
Emotional affair — An emotional affair is an affair excluding sexual intimacy but including emotional intimacy. It may be a type of chaste nonmonogamy, one without consummation. When the affair breaches a monogamous agreement with one or another spouse the term… … Wikipedia
Emotional Neutrality — The concept of removing greed, fear and other human emotions from financial or investment decisions. The goal of emotional neutrality is to remove any weight that emotions may play in the process of making objective financial decisions, so that… … Investment dictionary
impact — {{Roman}}I.{{/Roman}} noun 1 effect/impression ADJECTIVE ▪ big, considerable, dramatic, enormous, great, high, huge, important, main, major … Collocations dictionary
emotional — adj. VERBS ▪ be, feel, look, sound ▪ become, get, grow ▪ He got very emotional during the speech … Collocations dictionary
